1968 -- H.S. Diploma from Gould Academy, Bethel, Maine

1973 -- B.S. in Biology from Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio

1977 -- M.S. in Epidemiology and Biostatistics from the Department of Preventitive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

1983 -- D.D.S. from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

2004 -- D.M.D. from Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio